Faktor Risiko Kesakitan dan Kematian Jamaah Haji: Literrature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32583/pskm.v15i4.3833Keywords:
jamaah haji, kesakitan, kematian, kardiovaskulerAbstract
Ibadah haji sebagai pertemuan massal berpotensi menyebabkan kesakitan dan kematian yang tinggi apabila tidak dikelola dengan baik terutama karena banyaknya Jemaah haji kelompok risiko tinggi dan potensi penyebaran penyakit menular. Untuk itulah perlu diidentifikasi faktor risiko kesakitan dan kematian sehingga strategi penanganannya menjadi tepat, salah satunya melalui kajian literatur. Literatur yang dipilih berasal dari PubMed dan ProQuest dengan kata kunci Morbidity AND Mortality in Pilgrims yang dipublikasi lengkap dari tahun 2020 – 2024 yang berjumlah 3.761 artikel. Dari 3.761 artikel, ada 22 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang kemudian ditelaah untuk diidentifikasi apa saja risiko kesakitan dan kematian pada Jemaah haji. Faktor risiko kesakitan pada jamaah haji selama musim haji sebagian besar disebabkan oleh infeksi saluran pernafasan atas (ISPA). Penyakit infeksi saluran pernafasan seperti pneumonia dapat memicu kondisi serius pada kelompok rentan. Penyakit kardiovaskuler menjadi penyebab kematian tertinggi dan meningkatkan risiko rawat inap terutama karena penyakit diabetes, hipertensi dengan faktor pemberat obesitas. Faktor usia dan kondisi lingkungan juga menjadi faktor pencetus penyakit kardiovaskuler dan kurangnya pengetahuan tentang rusaknya insulin pada jamaah haji dengan diabetes terapi insulin juga kondisi lain yang menjadi perhatian pada jamaah haji. Hal ini menjadi penting untuk diketahui sebagai dasar pemeriksaan dan pembinaan jamaah haji di negara masing-masing untuk mencegah kesakitan dan kematian pada jamaah haji.
References
Agustiningsih, A., Indalao, I. L., Pangesti, K. A., Sukowati, C. H. C., & Ramadhany, R. (2023). Molecular Characterization of Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Isolated from Indonesian Hajj and Umrah Pilgrims 2013 to 2014. Life, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/life13051100
Alhumaid, N. K., Alajmi, A. M., Alosaimi, N. F., Alotaibi, M., Almangour, T. A., Nassar, M. S., Memish, Z. A., Binjomah, A. Z., Al-Jedai, A., Almutairi, A. S., Algarni, S., Alshiban, N. M., Aleyiydi, M. S., Tawfik, A. F., Shibl, A., & Tawfik, E. A. (2024). Epidemiology of Reportable Bacterial Infectious Diseases in Saudi Arabia. Infectious Diseases and Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-024-00942-1
AlJahdali, I. A., Adly, H. M., & Alshahrani, A. Y. (2024). Strategic Enhancement of Healthcare Services During the Hajj Season in Makkah: A Comprehensive Geographic Information System (GIS) Analysis. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.68030
Almehmadi, M., & Alqahtani, J. S. (2023). Healthcare Research in Mass Religious Gatherings and Emergency Management: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. In Healthcare (Switzerland) (Vol. 11, Issue 2). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020244
Alshammari, M. K., Alotaibi, M. A., AlOtaibi, A. S., Alosaime, H. T., Aljuaid, M. A., Alshehri, B. M., AlOtaibi, Y. B., Alasmari, A. A., Alasmari, G. A., Mohammed, M. H., Althobaiti, S. M., Almuhaya, R. A., Alkhoshi, T. A., Alosaimi, A. S., & Alotaibi, A. A. (2023). Prevalence and Etiology of Community- and Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns: A Systematic Review. In Medicina (Lithuania) (Vol. 59, Issue 4). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040760
Ardiana, M., Utami, E. R., Al Farabi, M. J., & Azmi, Y. (2023). The Impact of Classical Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Hospitalization and Mortality among Hajj Pilgrims. Scientific World Journal, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9037159
Backer, H., & Shilim, D. (2024). Extremes of Temperature. CDC Yellow Book 2024. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/environmental-hazards-risks/extremes-of-temperature
Beshbishy, A. M., Hetta, H. F., Hussein, D. E., Saati, A. A., Uba, C. C., Rivero-Perez, N., Zaragoza-Bastida, A., Shah, M. A., Behl, T., & Batiha, G. E. S. (2020). Factors associated with increased morbidity and mortality of obese and overweight COVID-19 patients. In Biology (Vol. 9, Issue 9, pp. 1–24). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090280
Bieh, K. L., Khan, A., Yezli, S., El-Ganainy, A., Asiri, S., Alotaibi, B., Ghallab, S., Elkholy, A., Abubakar, A., & Jokhdar, H. (2020). Implementing the health early warning system based on syndromic and event-based surveillance at the 2019 Hajj. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 26(12), 1570–1575. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.20.129
Gaddoury, M. A., & Armenian, H. K. (2024). Epidemiology of Hajj pilgrimage mortality: Analysis for potential intervention. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 17, 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.05.021
Haseeb, A., Saleem, Z., Faidah, H. S., Saati, A. A., AlQarni, A., Iqbal, M. S., Alghamdi, S., Elrggal, M. E., AlGethamy, M., Radwan, R. M., Mahrous, A. J., Abuhussain, S. S. A., Khayyat, S. M., Ibrahim, K., Godman, B., & Sheikh, A. (2023). Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance among Pilgrims with Infectious Diseases during Hajj: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 Pandemic. In Antibiotics (Vol. 12, Issue 8). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12081299
Huda, M., Najib Bustan, M., & Gobel, F. A. (2022). JOURNAL OF MUSLIM COMMUNITY HEALTH (JMCH) Diabetes Melitus dan Hiperkolesterol Sebagai Faktor Kematian Jemaah Haji Pada Embarkasi Sultan Hasanuddin Makassar. Journal of Muslim Community Health (JMCH) 2022, 3(3), 155–161. https://doi.org/10.52103/jmch.v3i3.997
Indharty, R. S., Rustika, Sylvana, B., Susilo, L. M., Rachmawati, T., Zuchdi, Z., Cahyono, I., Hamdani, M. I. S., Kusnali, A., Musadad, D. A., Firdaus, M., Asyary, A., & Memish, Z. A. (2023). Hygiene and Health Coaching for Community Readiness to Perform the Hajj during an Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8020090
Khaled, S., Ahmed, W. E., Shalaby, G., Alqasimi, H., Ruzaizah, R. A., Haddad, M., Alsabri, M., Almalki, S., Kufiah, H., Aboul Elnein, F., & Jaha, N. (2020). Disparities of demographics, clinical characteristics, and hospital outcomes of AMI pilgrims vs non-pilgrims—tertiary center experience. Egyptian Heart Journal, 72(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43044-020-00068-y
Khan, I. D., Khan, S. A., Asima, B., Hussaini, S. B., Zakiuddin, M., & Faisal, F. A. (2018). Morbidity and mortality amongst Indian Hajj pilgrims: A 3-year experience of Indian Hajj medical mission in mass-gathering medicine. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 11(2), 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2017.06.004
Kolivand, P., Saberian, P., Saffari, H., Doroudi, T., Marashi, A., Behzadifar, M., Karimi, F., Rajaei, S., Raei, B., Ehsanzadeh, S. J., Parvari, A., & Azari, S. (2024). Patterns of diabetes mellitus by age, sex, and province among Iranian Hajj pilgrims and health care delivery during 2012-2022: A retrospective study of 469,581 participants. PloS One, 19(10), e0311399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311399
Lanks, C. W., Musani, A. I., & Hsia, D. W. (2019). Community-acquired Pneumonia and Hospital-acquired Pneumonia. Medical Clinics of North America, 103(3), 487–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2018.12.008
Mahomed, O., Jaffer, M. N., & Parker, S. (2024). Morbidity amongst South African Hajj pilgrims in 2023—a retrospective cohort study. Scientific Reports, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62682-z
Memish, Z. A. et al. (2024). Reducing risks from respiratory pathogens at the 2024 Hajj. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 24, 573–575.
Mohammed, R. A., Sultan, I., Shamakh, A. A., Balamesh, A. A., Kishta, A. J., & Alkhotani, L. A. (2024). Triggers, Risk Factors, and the Prevalence of Syncope Among Domestic Hajj Pilgrims, 2023: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.62201
Mushi, A., Yassin, Y., Khan, A., Alotaibi, B., Parker, S., Mahomed, O., & Yezli, S. (2021). A longitudinal study regarding the health profile of the 2017 South African Hajj pilgrims. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073607
Torres, A., Peetermans, W. E., Viegi, G., & Blasi, F. (2013). Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Thorax, 68(11), 1057–1065. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204282
Yezli, S., Khan, A. H., Yassin, Y. M., Khan, A. A., Alotaibi, B. M., & Bouchama, A. (2023). Human tolerance to extreme heat: evidence from a desert climate population. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 33(4), 631–636. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-023-00549-7
Yezli, S., Yassin, Y., Mushi, A., Balkhi, B., & Khan, A. (2021). Insulin Knowledge, Handling, and Storage among Diabetic Pilgrims during the Hajj Mass Gathering. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5596914
Yezli, S., Yassin, Y., Mushi, A., Maashi, F., Abdelmalek, N. M., Awam, A. H., & Alotaibi, B. M. (2023). Undiagnosed and missed active pulmonary tuberculosis during mass gatherings: a prospective cross-sectional study from the Hajj pilgrimage. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 42(6), 727–740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-023-04596-8
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Ilmiah Permas: Jurnal Ilmiah STIKES Kendal

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.