Gambaran Distres Psikologis pada Orang Tua yang Memiliki Anak Kanker
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32583/keperawatan.v15i4.1211Keywords:
anak kanker, distres psikologis, orang tuaAbstract
Diagnosis kanker pada anak merupakan salah satu stresor yang dapat menyebabkan orang tua mengalami distres psikologis. Proses pengobatan pada anak kanker menjadi sumber stresor bagi orang tua yang berpengaruh terhadap kondisi psikologis orang tua itu sendiri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi gambaran distres psikologis berupa tingkat beserta gejala depresi dan kecemasan, yang dialami banyak orang tua yang memiliki anak kanker di Yayasan Rumah Pejuang Kanker Ambu. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan teknik non probability sampling jenis accidental sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel dengan jumlah 50 orang tua. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 42% orang tua tidak depresi dan 58% lainnya mengalami depresi ringan hingga berat. Sedangkan pada kecemasan, 60% orang tua yang tidak depresi dan 40% orang tua lainnya mengalami kecemasan ringan hingga berat. Data menunjukkan bahwa pada gejala depresi yang paling banyak dialami orang tua adalah kesedihan, merasa tidak berharga, kelelahan, dan kehilangan gairah seksual.Sedangkan pada gejala kecemasan, orang tua paling sering mengalami perasaan cemas, ketegangan, gangguan tidur, gangguan kecerdasan, dan gejala autonom. Dengan adanya penelitian ini diharapkan perawat dapat memberikan asuhan keperawatan yang menerapkan family centered care, khususnya pada aspek psikologis orang tua yang memiliki anak kanker.
References
Adwas, A. A., Jbireal, J. M., & Azab, A. E. (2019). Anxiety: Insights into Signs, Symptoms, Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. East African Scholars J Med Sci, 2(10), 580–591.
Al Qadire, M., Al-Sheikh, H., Suliman, M., Tawalbeh, L. I., Albashtawy, M., Al-Radwan, M., & abu Musameh, H. (2018). Predictors of anxiety and depression among parents of children with cancer in Jordan. Psycho-Oncology, 27(4), 1344–1346. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4634
Ambrella, F. J., Utami, A., & Wisanti, E. (2021). Hubungan Kelelahan Terhadap Kualitas Hidup Anak Dengan Kanker Yang Menjalani Pengobatan. Medica Hospitalia : Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(3), 344–350. https://doi.org/10.36408/mhjcm.v8i3.624
Arania, R., Alfarisi, R., Rukmono, P., & Mustaghfirin, M. F. (2022). Karakteristik pasien kanker anak berdasarkan usia, jenis kelamin, dan jenis-jenis kanker di RSUD DR. H. Abdul Moeloek tahun 2021. Jurnal Medika Malahayati, 7(2), 351–359.
Barrera, M., Atenafu, E., Doyle, J., Berlin-Romalis, D., & Hancock, K. (2012). Differences in mothers’ and fathers’ health-related quality of life after pediatric SCT: a longitudinal study. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 47(6), 855–859. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2011.190
Bautista, A. B. (2021). Psychological Interventions for Parents of Children with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 1(3), 427–446.
Becking, K., Spijker, A. T., Hoencamp, E., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Schoevers, R. A., & Boschloo, L. (2015). Disturbances in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immunological activity differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depressive episodes. PLoS ONE, 10(7), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133898
Beron Wei Zhong Tan, Lois Ling’en, Jasper Weng Kong, M.-Y. C. (2022). An exploration of the psychosocial needs of children diagnosed with cancer and their parents in Singapore: a cross-sectional study. Singapore Medical Journal, 51(1), 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-010-0033-z
Coleman, K., Flesch, L., Petiniot, L., Pate, A., Lin, L., Crosby, L., … Dandoy, C. E. (2018). Sleep disruption in caregivers of pediatric stem cell recipients. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 65(5), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.26965
Diaspora, K. N., Utami, K. C., & Puspita, L. M. (2022). Gambaran Efikasi Diri Orang Tua Dari Anak Dengan Kanker Yang Mendapat Kemoterapi. Coping: Community of Publishing in Nursing, 10(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.24843/coping.2022.v10.i01.p04
Feki, J., Baklouti, F., & Khanfir, A. (2021). Assessment of Psychological Distress among Parents of Children with Cancer. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 11(04), 229–247. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpsych.2021.114019
Ginting, H., Näring, G., Van Der Veld, W. M., Srisayekti, W., & Becker, E. S. (2013). Validating the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Indonesia’s general population and coronary heart disease patients. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13(3), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1697-2600(13)70028-0
Harada, C. N., Natelson Love, M. C., & Triebel, K. L. (2013). Normal cognitive aging. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 29(4), 737–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2013.07.002
Hartini, S., Winarsih, B. D., Galih, E., & Nugroho, Z. (2020). Peningkatan Pengetahuan Perawat Untuk Perawatan Anak Penderita Kanker. Jurnal Pengabdian Kesehatan, 3(2), 141–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31596/jpk.v3i2.87
Hendrawati, S., Nurhidayah, I., & Mardhiyah, A. (2019). Self-Efficacy Parents in Undergoing Child Cancer Treatment at the Rumah Kanker Anak Cinta Bandung. NurseLine Journal, 4(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.19184/nlj.v4i1.8911
Isabel Tan, X., Mordiffi, S., Lopez, V., & Leong, K. (2021). Psychological Distress in Parents of Children with Cancer: A Descriptive Correlational Study. Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, 8(1), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.4103/apjon.apjon_46_20
Julia A. Kearney, C. G. S., & Muriel, and A. C. (2013). Standards of Psychosocial Care for Parents of Children With Cancer. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, (February), 1388–1389. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2015). Situasi Penyakit Kanker Indonesia. Pusat Data Dan Informasi Kemenkes RI, (2), 31–33.
Lempang, K. A. P., Sutiaputri, L. F., & Diana, D. (2021). Penyesuaian Diri Orangtua Anak Pengidap Kanker Dalam Proses Pengobatan Anak: Studi Di Yayasan Rumah Cinta Anak Kanker Bandung. Jurnal Ilmiah Rehabilitasi Sosial (Rehsos), 3(1), 71–91. https://doi.org/10.31595/rehsos.v3i1.379
Lombardero, A., Hansen, C. D., Richie, A. E., Campbell, D. G., & Joyce, A. W. (2019). A Narrative Review of the Literature on Insufficient Sleep, Insomnia, and Health Correlates in American Indian/Alaska Native Populations. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4306463
Maulinda, D., Adelia, G., & Kharisna, D. (2022). Latihan Fisik (Senam) sebagai Terapi Komplementer dan Modalitas dalam Mengatasi Kelelahan pada Anak Kanker. Journal of Public Health Concerns, 2(2), 96–100.
Mirowsky John, & R. C. E. (2017). Social causes of psychological distress (Second Edi). New York: Routledge.
Nasab, A. F., & Foroghi, M. (2016). Mental health status of the parents of pediatric cancer patients. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 9(3), 1107–1110. https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1056
Norton, S., Cosco, T., Doyle, F., Done, J., & Sacker, A. (2013). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: A meta confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 74(1), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.10.010
Nurhidayah, I., Dewi, R. K., Hidayati, N. O., & Poddar, S. (2022). Psychological Distress among Parents due to Their Children Having Cancer: A Systematic Review. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 17(sp1), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v17isp1.5938
Okumu, R. A., Muiva, M., Wagoro, M., Abdallah, F., & Oweya, E. (2017). Association between socioeconomic and psychological experiences of parents with children on Leukemia treatment in Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya. Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, 4(1), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.4103/2347-5625.199079
Ormel, J., Kessler, R. C., & Schoevers, R. (2019). Depression: More treatment but no drop in prevalence: How effective is treatment? and can we do better? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 32(4), 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000505
P2PTM Kemenkes RI. (2018). Kenali Gejala Dini Kanker Pada Anak. Retrieved from Kementerian Kesehatan RI website: http://p2ptm.kemkes.go.id/kegiatan-p2ptm/pusat-/kenali-gejala-dini-kanker-pada-anak
Pusmaika, R., Indrayani, I., Agustin, D., & Demang, F. Y. (2020). Pengalaman Orang Tua Dalam Merawat Anak Penderita Kanker Di Rumah Harapan Yayasan Valencia Jakarta. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Husada: Health Sciences Journal, 11(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.34305/jikbh.v11i1.149
Rahmani, A., Azadi, A., Pakpour, V., Faghani, S., & Afsari, E. (2018). Anxiety and depression: A cross-sectional survey among parents of children with cancer. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 24(1), 82–85. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPC.IJPC_141_17
Ramdan, I. M. (2019). Reliability and Validity Test of the Indonesian Version of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) to Measure Work-related Stress in Nursing. Jurnal Ners, 14(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.20473/jn.v13i2.10673
Rani, M. V. I., Dundu, A. E., & Kaunang, T. M. D. (2015). Gambaran Tingkat Kecemasan Pada Ibu Yang Anaknya Menderita Leukemia Limfoblastik Akut Di Rsup Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. E-CliniC, 3(1), 440–444. https://doi.org/10.35790/ecl.3.1.2015.7401
Rensen, N., Steur, L. M. H., Schepers, S. A., Merks, J. H. M., Moll, A. C., Grootenhuis, M. A., … van Litsenburg, R. R. L. (2019). Concurrence of sleep problems and distress: prevalence and determinants in parents of children with cancer. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1639312
Repka, I. B., Betka, P., Kuźmicz, I., Puto, G., & Zurzycka, P. (2019). Fatigue among parents caring for a child with cancer. Medycyna Paliatywna/Palliative Medicine, 11(2), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.5114/pm.2019.86626
Rezki, I. M., Lestari, D. R., & Setyowati, A. (2016). Komunikasi terapeutik perawat dengan tingkat kecemasan keluarga pasien di ruang intensive care unit. Dunia Keperawatan: Jurnal Keperawatan Dan Kesehatan, 4(1), 30–35.
Riskesdas. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar. In Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Rokhaidah, R., & Herlina, H. (2018). Studi Fenomenologi Pengalaman Orangtua dalam Merawat Anak dengan Diagnosis Kanker. Jurnal Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan, 14(2), 31. https://doi.org/10.24853/jkk.14.2.31-38
Rosenberg, A. R., Dussel, V., Kang, T., Geyer, J. R., Gerhardt, C. A., Feudtner, C., & Wolfe, J. (2013). Psychological distress in parents of children with advanced cancer. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(6), 537–543. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.628
Schepers, S. A., Sint Nicolaas, S. M., Maurice-Stam, H., Haverman, L., Verhaak, C. M., & Grootenhuis, M. A. (2018). Parental distress 6 months after a pediatric cancer diagnosis in relation to family psychosocial risk at diagnosis. Cancer, 124(2), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31023
Teed, A. R., Feinstein, J. S., Puhl, M., Lapidus, R. C., Upshaw, V., Kuplicki, R. T., … Khalsa, S. S. (2022). Association of Generalized Anxiety Disorder with Autonomic Hypersensitivity and Blunted Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Activity during Peripheral Adrenergic Stimulation: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 74136(4), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.4225
Thayer, J. F., Friedman, B. H., & Borkovec, T. D. (1996). Autonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry. Biological Psychiatry, 39(4), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)00136-0
Townsend. (2013). Essentials of psychiatric mental health nursing : Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis.
Valizadeh, L., Joonbakhsh, F., & Pashaee, S. (2014). Determinants of care giving burden in parents of child with cancer at Tabriz children medical and training center. Journal of Clinical Nursing and Midwifery, 3(2).
Vernon, L., Eyles, D., Hulbert, C., Bretherton, L., & McCarthy, M. C. (2017). Infancy and pediatric cancer: an exploratory study of parent psychological distress. Psycho-Oncology, 26(3), 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4141
Wati, N. L., & Qoyyimah, D. F. (2018). Tingkat Stres Ibu Yang Mempunyai Anak Kanker Leukemia di Rumah Cinta Bandung. Jurnal Keperawatan BSI, VI(1), 69–76.
Wikman, A., Mattsson, E., von Essen, L., & Hovén, E. (2018). Prevalence and predictors of symptoms of anxiety and depression, and comorbid symptoms of distress in parents of childhood cancer survivors and bereaved parents five years after end of treatment or a child’s death. Acta Oncologica, 57(7), 950–957. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2018.1445286
World Health Organization. (2021). Childhood cancer. Retrieved from WHO website: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer-in-children
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Keperawatan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
